Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 14, – May 1, ) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, – August 11, ) were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights blogger.com founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU) General Format. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior 15(6),
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Kenneth Bancroft Clark July 14, — May 1, and Mamie Phipps Clark April 18, — August 11, [1] were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited HARYOU. They were known for their s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race.
The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliottone of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion"To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone.
The oldest of three children, two girls and one boy, Mamie Phipps was born in Hot Springs, Arkansasto Harold and Katie Phipps. Her father was a doctora native of the British West Indies. Her father also supplemented his income as a manager at a nearby vacation resort.
Her mother helped him in his practice and encouraged both their children in education. Her brother became a dentist, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship.
However, Mamie still attended segregated elementary and secondary schools, graduating from Pine Bluff's Langston High School in at only 16 years old.
This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in black children. Fisk University in Tennessee and Howard University in Washington D.
were two of the universities to offer Mamie a scholarship and were also two of the most prestigious black universities at that time. Sumner also allowed her to work part-time in the psychology department where she expanded her knowledge about psychology. magna cum laude in psychology They later had two children together, Katie Miriam and Hilton Bancroft.
In the fall of Mamie Clark went to graduate school at Howard University to get a master's degree in psychology. The summer following her undergraduate graduation Mamie worked for Charles Houston as a secretary at his law office.
At the time, Houston was a popular civil rights lawyer and Mamie was privileged to see lawyers such as Thurgood Marshall come into the office to work on important cases. Believing in a tangible end to segregation inspired Mamie's future studies whose results went on to aid lawyers, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship, such as Houston and Marshall, win the Brown v.
Board of Education Supreme Court Case in While working on her master's degree, Mamie became increasingly interested in developmental psychology, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship. The inspiration for her thesis came from working at an all black nursery school. Mamie contacted psychologists Ruth and Gene Horowitz for advice, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship.
At the time they were conducting psychological studies about self-identification in young children and suggested that she conduct similar research with her nursery school children.
They developed new and improved versions of the color and doll tests used in her thesis for a proposal to further the research. In they received a three-year Rosenwald Fellowship for their research that allowed them to publish three articles on the subject and also permitted Mamie to pursue a doctoral degree at Columbia University. During her time at Columbia, Mamie was the only black student pursuing a doctorate in psychology and she had a faculty adviser, Dr.
Henry Garrett, who believed in segregation, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship. Despite their differences in beliefs, Mamie was able to complete her dissertation, "Changes in Primary Mental Abilities with Age.
in psychology from Columbia University. She was the second black person to receive a doctorate in psychology from Columbia University, following her husband Kenneth.
After Mamie graduated she had a hard time being a psychologist as an African American woman living in New York. She found it difficult to get a job; she lost some opportunities to less qualified white men and white women.
One of Mamie's first jobs was as american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship secretary at the Office of William Houston. This law firm involved the planning of legal action that would challenge the segregation laws. She then obtained a position at the United States Armed Forces Institute as a research psychologist but she still felt pigeonholed.
In she was able to get a better job working for the United States American psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship Forces Institute as a research psychologist; but, as World War II ended they did not feel the need to employ her anymore and she was fired in Later that year, Mamie got a job that she finally thought was rewarding, at the Riverdale Home for Children in New York; there she conducted psychological test and counseled young homeless black people.
Many of the children were called mentally retarded by the state and Clark tested them and realized that they had IQ's that were above mental retardation. Kenneth and Mamie Clark decided to try to improve social services for troubled youth in Harlem, as there were virtually no mental-health services in the community. Kenneth Clark was then an assistant professor at the City College of New York and Mamie Clark was a psychological consultant doing psychological testing at the Riverdale Children's Association.
Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark approached social service agencies in New York City to urge them to expand their programs to provide social work american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship, psychological evaluationand remediation for youth in Harlem.
None of the agencies took up their proposal. The Clarks "realized that we were not going to get a child guidance clinic opened that way. So we decided to open it ourselves. Together in the Clarks created the Northside Center for Child Development, originally called the Northside Testing and Consultation Center.
They started it in a one-room basement apartment of the Dunbar Houses on th Street Manhattan. Two years later inNorthside moved to th Streetacross from Central Parkon the sixth floor of what was then the New Lincoln School. InNorthside moved to its current quarters in Schomburg Plaza.
It continues to serve Harlem children and their families in the 21st century. Their goal was to match or surpass the quality of service for poor African Americans. American psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship provided a homelike environment for poor black children that provided pediatric and psychological help.
The psychological work that they did here led them to the conclusion that the problems of minority children are psychosocial. Mamie remained the director of the Northside Center for 33 years. Upon her retirement, Dora Johnson, a staff member at Northside, captured the importance of Mamie Clark to Northside.
In a very real way, it was her american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship, philosophy, and her soul that held the center together". She went on to say that "when an unusual and unique person pursues a dream and realizes that dream and directs that dream, people are drawn not only to the idea of the dream, but to the uniqueness of the person themselves.
Mamie did not limit her contributions to her work. She was also a very involved member of the community.
She was on the boards of directors for several community organizations, along with being involved with the Youth Opportunities Unlimited Project and the initiation of the Head Start Program. One of Mamie's published works was titled "The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children.
This study included black children from segregated nursery schools in Washington, D. There were 50 three-year-old, 50 four-year-old, and 50 five-year-old children involved. Each participant was given a set of pictures that included white and black boys, a lion, a dog, a clown, and a hen. The participants were asked to point to the drawing that represented who or american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship they were asked about.
An example of this procedure would be a black boy being asked to point to his cousin or brother. The results of this study showed that the group tended to choose the black drawing more than the white drawing. As age increased, there was an increase in the ratio of choosing the black boy in contrast to the white boy in favor of the black boy. This finding indicates that a great amount of self-conscious development and racial identity happens between american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship three and fours years old.
Once past four years old, this identification with the black boy plateaus. This plateau may imply that the picture study is not sensitive enough for children over four. It also suggests that maybe five-year-old children have reached a self-awareness and now see themselves in an intrinsic way and are less capable of external representations. Kenneth Clark was born in the Panama Canal Zone to Arthur Bancroft Clark and Miriam Hanson Clark. His father worked as an agent for the United Fruit Company.
When he was five, his parents separated and his mother took him and his younger sister Beulah to the US to live in Harlem in New York City. She worked as a seamstress in a sweatshopwhere she later organized a union and became a shop steward for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Clark moved to New York City while the ethnic diversity of Harlem was disappearing, and his school was predominantly black. Clark was trained to learn a trade, as were most black students at this time.
Miriam wanted more for her son and transferred him to George Washington High School in Upper Manhattan. Clark attended Howard Universitya historically black universitywhere he first studied political science with professors including Ralph Johnson Bunche.
During his years at Howard University, he worked under the influence of mentor Francis Cecil Sumneramerican psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship, the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology. He returned in for a master's in psychology.
While studying psychology for his doctorate at Columbia University, Clark did research in support of the study of race relations by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdalwho wrote An American Dilemma. InClark was the first African American to earn a Ph. During the summer ofafter Clark was already asked to teach a summer session at City College of New York, the Dean of Hampton Institute asked Clark to start a department of psychology there. In Kenneth Clark became the first African-American tenured full professor at the City College of New York, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship.
Clark also started a psychology department at Hampton Institute in and taught a few courses within the department. In he was the first African American appointed to the New York State Board of Regents and the first African American to be president of the American Psychological Association.
Much of Clark's work came as a response to his involvement in the Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court desegregation decision. Lawyers Jack Greenberg and Robert L, american psychological association diversity dissertation scholarship. Carterwith resources and funding from the American Jewish Committee AJC and Topeka Jewish Community Relations Bureau, hired Clark to present his work on the effects of segregation on children.
Board of Education case, Clark was still dissatisfied by the lack of progress in school desegregation in New York City.
BIPOC student mentoring: American Psychological Association Minority Fellowship Program (MFP)
, time: 5:21Kenneth and Mamie Clark - Wikipedia
Kenneth Bancroft Clark (July 14, – May 1, ) and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, – August 11, ) were American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights blogger.com founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU) General Format. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior 15(6),
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